Infectious Diseases, Microbiology & Beneficial Microbes

Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) and Infections (STIs)

Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and infections (STIs) are infections commonly spread through sexual activities, including vaginal, anal, or oral sex. They can be caused by bacteria, viruses, parasites, or fungi. Common STDs/STIs include:

• Chlamydia: Caused by Chlamydia trachomatis, it can infect the genital tract and cause symptoms like discharge, painful urination, and pelvic pain. Untreated, it may lead to pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and infertility.
• Gonorrhea: Caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae, it can infect the genital tract, rectum, and throat, potentially causing discharge, painful urination, or no symptoms at all. It can also lead to PID and infertility if untreated.
• Syphilis: Caused by Treponema pallidum, it progresses through stages with symptoms ranging from painless sores (chancre) to rash, fever, and potentially severe neurological complications if untreated.
• Human Papillomavirus (HPV): A group of viruses that can cause genital warts and various cancers, including cervical, anal, and throat cancer. Many people are asymptomatic but can still transmit the virus.
• Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV): Types 1 and 2 cause genital herpes, characterized by painful sores or blisters. The virus can be transmitted even without visible symptoms.
• HIV/AIDS: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) weakens the immune system, leading to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), the most severe stage of HIV infection.

Prevention includes consistent and correct use of condoms, limiting sexual partners, and regular STD testing. Early detection and treatment are crucial for managing STDs and reducing transmission risk.